Climate Change

Climate change

Climate change is a long term change in statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods of time that range from decades to millions of year .It is a serious problem now for the people of earth. For instance, arrival of monsoon before time, snow falls out of no where in summer can be taken as an example of climate change.

Only change in weather untimely is not the problem of climate change in fact it’s a lot more than that .we can even term climate change as Global warming .Global warming is  the process of gradual increase in the temperature of earth because of the sunlight being trapped into earth’s atmosphere due to green house effect. It is not that we are not facing the problem of climate change .We are, but it’s not apexes .Various examples like naturally ripen fruits before season, Heavy snowfall in early winter are the symptoms of climate change.

It is not that the world is unaware about even though there are lots of UN policies and rules, several conferences like recently held at Copenhagen and at kalapatther it is still very difficult to sooth it .It is our responsibility to pacify the wave of climate change .We must overt it before it gets nearer we cant assure that it will not take place one day, It will definitely occur one day but it is in our hand to push it back an very back as much as possible.

For the preventive measure we must go through its caution. Directly or indirectly the reason of climate change are we human beings .Heavy use of plastic products and harmful chemicals like CFC, unwired industrialization ,desertification and decentralization are the main reason for climate change.

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Religions and philosophy

The 2001 census identified 80.6% of the population as Hindu and Buddhism was practiced by about 11% of the population (although many people labeled Hindu or Buddhist often practice a syncretism blend of Hinduism, Buddhism and/or animist traditions). About 3.2%of the population is Muslim and 3.6% of the population follows the indigenous Kirant religion. Christianity is practiced officially by less than 0.5% of the population.

Hindu and Buddhist traditions in Nepal go back to more than two millennia. In Lumbini, Buddha was born, and Pashupatinath temple, Kathmandu, is an old and famous Shiva temple of Hindus. Nepal has several other temples and Buddhist monasteries as well as places of worship of other religious groups. Traditionally, Nepalese philosophical thoughts are ingrained with the Hindu and Buddhist philosophical ethos and traditions, which include elements of Kashmir Shaivism, Niangua school of Tibetan Buddhism, works of Karmacharyas of Bhaktapur, and a variety of tantric traditions. Tantric traditions are deep rooted in Nepal, including the practice of animal sacrifices. Five types of animals, always male, are considered acceptable for sacrifice: water buffalo, goats, sheep, chickens, and ducks.

With a multiplicity of groups, Nepal has several cults, and gods and goddesses, which co-exist with the major religions. In its long cultural history, Nepal has always remained a land of religious harmony.

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

A custom is developed when a habit is followed continuously by the group of people. A tradition is formed when a set of customs and beliefs are practiced regularly for a long period of time. Such customs and traditions are passed on from generations to generations.

Our customs, traditions and our whole life style are very much influenced by our religious beliefs. Our social values, norms and practices are also guided by religions. Various festivals, worships, rites and rituals from birth to death are directly or indirectly directed by religious doctrine. Being a multi religious country, a variety of customs and traditions are practiced in different parts of the country. Some customs and traditions of selected region or ethnic groups is listed below:

Mastro Tradition in the Mid and Far Western Regions-

Mastro Tradition is in practice in Karnali, Seti and Mahakali zones of Mid and Far-Western regions of Nepal. Mastro is a kind of God without a specific image or idol. When Mastro gets into the soul of a man (Dhami) the man starts uttering words. It is believed that the Dhami become very powerful because of godly power.

Fasting Tradition in Awadhi Society-

Fasting is a common religious practice in Hindu culture. It is very important among the Awadhi women who have settled in Nawalparasi, Rupandehi, Kapilbastu and Banke Districts of Western and mid- Western Terai. The woman of this socity observes fasting in Nagpanchami, Yarma, Dwitiya, Deepawali etc. During fasting, the women observer meditations, tell stories and sing songs related with the concerned deity of the fast.

Marga Puja of Aathpahariya Rai-

Marga puja is a typical worship practiced by Aathpahariya Rais who originally lived in Dhankuta district of Koshi zone. Marga is their main god or deity. Marga is established as a scared place of worship. They worship Marga three times a year on auspicious days. The first in Chaitra/Baishakh, second in Bhadra/Ashwin and third in Kartik/Mangsir. But, Marga can be worshipped at any time of the year by the devotees who have special promises (Bhakals) to worship.

NEPALESE SCULPTURE

The art of making different objects by carving or shaping metal, stone, wood, clay, glass etc is called sculpture. Nepalese sculpture is also connected with religion. The tradition of making idols and images of gods and goddesses has been practiced since the ancient time in Nepal. The image of Birupakshya at Aryaghat is considered to be the oldest sculpture in Nepal, but no one knows the date of its creation and the name of its sculptor. The image of Baman and Tribikram erected during the rule of King Mandev is taken to be the oldest dated sculptures found in Nepal so far.

 The art of sculpture began in the Lichchhavi period and reached the apex during the Malla period. In fact, Malla period is the golden period for sculpture. The images inside Changunarayan Temple and around it, image of Palanchowk Bhagawati, image of Budhanilkantha and some images of stone taps are few examples of sculptures made during the Lichchhavi period. These sculptures are characterized by religious theme, neutrality, and little use of costume, simplicity and tantrism.

NEPALESE ART

Nepal is rich in arts, artifacts, paintings, sculptures and architecture. Nepalese art is famous for its simplicity, originality and specialty. Our customs, traditions and in fact our whole lifestyle are reflected in Nepalese arts and Buddhism.  Nepalese handicraft includes painting, sculpture and architecture. A brief description of Nepalese painting is mentioned here.

Painting (Chitrakala)

The art of expression of any object or idea in the picture is called painting. The historical development of Nepalese painting is related with religion. It is believed that the art of painting started in Nepal during Lichchhavi period. The development of Nepalese painting reached its climax in 14^th and 15^th centuries. Nepalese painting are classified into three categories:- Book painting, scroll painting and wall painting.

(a)    Book Painting ( Grantha Chitra): The painting found in various books are called book Painting., such paintings were prepared on wood, bark of trees(Bhojpatra)copper plate etc. in the ancient time but they are made on paper at present.

(b)   Scroll Painting ( Pauwa Chitra): The Painting made on cloth is called scroll painting. It is called Thanka in Nepal, Pauwa in Tibet and Tanka elsewhere. Scroll painting is further divided into patta and Mandaka.

(c)    Wall Painting (Bhitte Chitra): The paintings made on the wall of houses, buildings, temples, places, monasteries, rest houses etc are called wall painting. The different communities have a practice of drawing or pasting picture of gods, goddesses and animals on the wall of houses to avoid ghost and bad omen.

WATER RESOURCES AND WATERSHEDS:

Water resource is one of the important natural resource of Nepal. Nepal is the second richest country after Brazil for water resource. The water resource is very important for generating electricity, irrigation, drinking water and transportation. The industrial development activities get energy from hydro-electricity. The agricultural production is increased through irrigation facilities. The drinking water facility can be managed for urban and rural areas by utilizing water resource. The proper utilization of water resource can help to make the environment clean, green, healthy, attractive and beautiful.

There are many rivers and rivulets in Nepal. The main sources of water are flowing water, stagnant water (snow and ice), rainwater and underground water. The rivers are important sources of water in Nepal. Protecting water resources by constructing dams in the rivers can fulfill various needs.

Nepalese agriculture depends upon rainwater. Proper utilization of the river water can help to boost up agricultural production in the country. By using water resources properly, we can also make the environment attractive and enchanting.

Watershed means the exit of water like creeks, streams, rivulets, rivers and lakes which flow on a sloping ground, and the entire surrounding area is called watershed areas of Nepal. Bagmati, Phewa Lake and Kamala Watershed area are some of the example of the watersheds in Nepal.

RELIGIOUS SITES

There are many places of religious significance in Nepal. The Nepalese temples have outstanding position to introduce art and architecture. If we look at the picture of Kathmandu Valley, we can observe that there were more temples in the Kathmandu Valley than now. That’s why, Kathmandu valley is known as “the home of gods and goddesses” and Nepal is called “the country of temples”. There is a tradition of worship of Shaiva, Boudha, Baishanav and other gods and goddesses from ancient days in Nepal. Besides these, Boudha vihars are also common in Nepal.

Some temples are erected (elevated) by constructing ten to twelve stairs. At the top of the temple, there is a spire. Pagoda and Shikhar are the styles of the temple found in Nepal. The Jaishidewal temple of Kathmandu and the Nyatapol temple of Bhaktapur are its examples. There is Gajur (Crown) on the top of the roof of temples. The stairs are constructed around the temple to protect it from dust, rainwater and damp. There is a large number of Boudha vihar also. The vihar is constructed in the form of a large square platform. Krishna Mandir of Patan is an excellent example of Pagoda style. More often, the statue of Lord Boudha is set in the south ground floor of vihar.

LIFE STYLE (COSTUMES)

The custom, family life, fooding and clothing and other traditional rites and rituals of Nepalese people are attached to the economic condition, cultural environment and geographical diversity of the country. The lifestyles are different in different places due to geographical diversity, religion and language. Cultural diversity can be observer in the birth, death and marriage among different communities. Joint family system is very popular in Nepal. There are many examples where three or four generations live in a large family. It is also found that the nuclear family has been getting popularity in urban areas since long.

The dresses are used according to their geographical belt in Nepal. People living in the mountain belt wear thick-long Bakkhu and Docha. The people living in the hills wear Kachhar, Bhoto and cap. The Terai people wear Dhoti and Kurta. The Mayalposh Suruwal, Coat and Cap are the national dress of Nepalese people; Fariya (Sari) and Cholo (Blouse) are popular among the Terai females. Besides Nepali dresses, people use western dresses, too.

CULTURAL HERITAGE OF NEPAL

Culture includes language, dress, traditional practice, literature, religion, dances, belief and others. These aspects are the assets of the society. They are also related to the environment, Cultural heritages are those things related to culture which passed on from one generation to next. Culture is linked with the human and social development activities. People cannot be away from their cultural phenomena. Almost all the human activities such as life-styles economic activities social activities are related to the culture. Culture is our life –related practice. Cultural heritages plays a vital role to introduce a country in an international area .Nepal is place of inhabitants of different ethnic groups so, they are different languages dialects, customs, traditions. The cultural heritages of Nepal are listed in the world heritage list by the help of UNESCO. The cultural heritages Nepal enlisted in the world heritage list are as follows:

1) Swyambhunath

2) Bhaktapur Durbar Square

3) Changu Narayan Temple

4) Kathmandu Durbar Square

5) Bauddhanath

6) Lumbini

7) Pashupatinath

ANNAPURNA CONSERVATION AREA (ACA)

It was established in 2043 B.S (1986 A.D) under King Mahendra Trust for Natural Conservation (KMTNC). This is the largest protected Conservation area of Nepal, it covers an area of about 7629 sq.Km. it is the most famous trekking destination of Nepal. it is located in the Western Development Region on Nepal. it is situated in the north west direction of Pokhara City. This area is very rich in bio-diversity. According to a survey report, there are 1226 plant species, 101 species of mammals including many rare species such as snow leopard, musk deer, Tibetal argali and Tibetal wolf. The ACA has 478 species of birds, 22 species of the amphibians, 9 species of rhododendrons, 38 species of colorful flowering plants. They have made it beautiful and attractive. The KMTNC has effectively implemented several development programs such as resource conservation, community development, tourism management, conservation education and extension program, etc..., for the effective conservation of ACA.

King Mahendra Trust for Natural Conservation has mobilized people’s participation in conducting the conservation program. It has aimed to raise the living standard of the people and the Conservation of natural environment.

CHITWAN NATIONAL PARK

Chitwan National Park is the oldest Park in Nepal. it was established in 2030 B.S ( 1973 A.D). this park lies in the plain area of mid- south region of inner Terai. Its total are is 932 sq.km. It has been included under the list of world heritage site in 2041 B.S (1984 A.D). This national park situated in the Central Development Region occupying the area of Chitwan, Parsa and Makwanpur districts of Narayani Zone. It is the first national park of Nepal. it contains Chure hills, Rapti Valley and main regions of the Narayani and Riyu rivers. Salt trees are found in great number in this national Park. It is known as salt forest, river rain forest and grassland. There are about 570 species of flowering plants, 30 species of large mammals, more than 400 bird species, 17 reptiles and 100 fish species. Many endangered animals such as tiger, one on rhinoceroses, wild elephants, striped hyenas, sloth bears, genetic dolphins, and alligators are found here.

  Different kinds of insects, pythons, and crocodiles (Ghariyal and Magar) are also found in this area. This park also provides an excellent habitat for apes, monkey, antelopes, bears, tiger, lizards, gauri gai, Deer, etc. Different specifies of Deer like Chital, Ratua and Laguna are found here.

Nepal

Nepal is an Asian Country situated in between the gigantic countries India and China. In the world map, about 1, 47,181 square kilometer of area has been occupied by Nepal. More than 37% of Nepal has been occupied by forest which is the main resources to boost the economy of Nepal. So, it is said: Hario Ban Nepal ko dhan , which means ‘Green forest is he wealth of Nepal” It remains the small heaven of the world as it is the land lock country and surrounded by greeneries. It is religiously imperijndicial country having diversity with various types of climate and cool temperature. Architecturally. Nepal is known to be a world famous handicraft country. In Nepal, it is found that interest and attention have been given to conserve and promote such culture heritages since the Kirant period to the present time according to the land topography of the country, Nepal has been divided into three ecological belts: Mountain belt, Hilly belt and Tarai belt. In three belts, there are lofty Himalayans, high mountains, hills, deep as well as broad valleys and   plain land in their natural forms. The highest peak of the world named Sagarmatha is also situated in Nepal which is the pride and dignity of Nepal.